9 Signs You Might Be Depressed

1. Depressed Mood / Inescapable Sadness :
Depression may be indicated when a person feels extremely sad most of the time, nearly every day during at least a 2 week period. A depressed mood may be observed by others or expressed by the individual. In children and teens, depression also may present as an irritability. 

2. Diminished Interest in Activities :
Strong feelings of apathy or an inability to experience pleasure in most previously-enjoyed activities, along with a depressed or irritable mood can indicate depression. In a person who is depressed, these feelings are present most days during at least a two-week period.

3. Unexplained Weight Loss or Gain :
Significant (more than 5 percent of body weight in a month) unintentional weight loss or gain, or decrease or increase in appetite nearly every day may be a sign of depression. Children who are depressed may fail to make expected growth-related weight gains. 

4. Insomnia or Extreme Sleepiness :
A person who is depressed may have difficulty falling asleep or may wake frequently during the night. Excessive sleepiness nearly every day for at least 2 weeks also may be a sign of depression.

5. Psychomotor Symptoms :
These signs of depression are characterized by unintentional and purposeless motions, like pacing, hand-wringing or hair-twirling, or by a noticeable slowing of the thought process, emotional reactions or movement. Psychomotor agitation and psychomotor retardation observed by others nearly every day for at least 2 weeks may indicate depression. 

6. Fatigue :
Unexplained feelings of fatigue or a lack of energy nearly every day for a period of at least 2 weeks can be a sign of depression. Depression-related fatigue is not associated with another cause, such as an increase in physical activity or another medical condition.

7. Feelings of Guilt or Worthlessness :
Excessive or inappropriate guilt or strong feelings of inadequacy can signal depression. In a person who is depressed, these feelings occur nearly every day and can be extreme enough to be delusional. Guilt is not merely self-reproach or related to being sick. 

8. Diminished Ability to Concentrate :
A sharp decrease in focus or concentration can be a sign of depression. People who are depressed often notice an inability to think clearly. In some cases, a lack of focus is observed by others, such as family members, friend or co-workers.

9. Suicidal Ideation :
About 60 percent of people who are depressed have recurring thoughts of death and roughly 15 percent commit suicide. A person suffering from depression may have frequent thoughts of suicide, develop a plan for committing suicide, or attempt suicide. 

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http://hockalmunai.blogspot.com

Daily Hadith Online

Hadith on Resurrection: The description of the Greater Intercession and the removal of believers from Hellfire

Posted: 19 Feb 2013 05:45 AM PST

Anas ibn Malik reported: The Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, said, "The believers will gather on the Day of Resurrection and they will say: would that someone intercede for us with our Lord! They will go to Adam and say: You are the father of humanity, Allah created you with His Hand, the angels prostrated for you, and He taught you the names of all things, so intercede for us with your Lord that we may be relieved of this place! Adam will say: It is not fitting for me. Then he will remember his sin and he will feel shame and will say: Go to Noah, for he was the first Messenger that Allah sent to the people of the earth. They will go to him and Noah will say: It is not fitting for me. Then he will remember his request for his Lord to do that of which he had no knowledge and he will feel shame and will say: Go to the intimate friend of the Merciful (Abraham). They will go to him and Abraham will say: It is not fitting for me, so go to Moses, the servant to whom Allah spoke directly and to whom He revealed the Torah. They will go to him and Moses will say: It is not fitting for me. Then he will remember when he killed a person without right and he will feel shame in front of his Lord and will say: Go to Jesus, the servant of Allah and His Messenger, His Word and His Spirit. They will go to him and Jesus will say: It is not fitting for me, so go to Muhammad, peace and blessings be upon him, the servant who was forgiven for his past and future sins. So they will come to me and I will proceed until I ask my Lord for permission and I will be granted permission. When I see my Lord, I will prostrate for him and He will let me remain in that state as long as He wills and then I will be addressed: Raise your heard and ask, your request will be granted, say and your saying will be heard, intercede and your intercession will be accepted. I will raise my head and praise Allah with a supplication He will teach me and I will intercede. He will fix a limit for me who will be admitted into Paradise. Then I will come back to Allah again and when I see my Lord, the same will happen. Then I will intercede and Allah will fix a limit for me who will be admitted into Paradise, and then I will come back a third and fourth time and it will be said: None remains in the Hellfire but those whom the Quran has imprisoned and destined to remain forever." Abu Abdullah said, "They are those mentioned by Allah the exalted: abiding therein eternally." (16:29)

[Sahih Bukhari, Book 60, Number 3, Sahih]

عَنْ أَنَسٍ رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهُ عَنْ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ قَالَ يَجْتَمِعُ الْمُؤْمِنُونَ يَوْمَ الْقِيَامَةِ فَيَقُولُونَ لَوْ اسْتَشْفَعْنَا إِلَى رَبِّنَا فَيَأْتُونَ آدَمَ فَيَقُولُونَ أَنْتَ أَبُو النَّاسِ خَلَقَكَ اللَّهُ بِيَدِهِ وَأَسْجَدَ لَكَ مَلَائِكَتَهُ وَعَلَّمَكَ أَسْمَاءَ كُلِّ شَيْءٍ فَاشْفَعْ لَنَا عِنْدَ رَبِّكَ حَتَّى يُرِيحَنَا مِنْ مَكَانِنَا هَذَا فَيَقُولُ لَسْتُ هُنَاكُمْ وَيَذْكُرُ ذَنْبَهُ فَيَسْتَحِي ائْتُوا نُوحًا فَإِنَّهُ أَوَّلُ رَسُولٍ بَعَثَهُ اللَّهُ إِلَى أَهْلِ الْأَرْضِ فَيَأْتُونَهُ فَيَقُولُ لَسْتُ هُنَاكُمْ وَيَذْكُرُ سُؤَالَهُ رَبَّهُ مَا لَيْسَ لَهُ بِهِ عِلْمٌ فَيَسْتَحِي فَيَقُولُ ائْتُوا خَلِيلَ الرَّحْمَنِ فَيَأْتُونَهُ فَيَقُولُ لَسْتُ هُنَاكُمْ ائْتُوا مُوسَى عَبْدًا كَلَّمَهُ اللَّهُ وَأَعْطَاهُ التَّوْرَاةَ فَيَأْتُونَهُ فَيَقُولُ لَسْتُ هُنَاكُمْ وَيَذْكُرُ قَتْلَ النَّفْسِ بِغَيْرِ نَفْسٍ فَيَسْتَحِي مِنْ رَبِّهِ فَيَقُولُ ائْتُوا عِيسَى عَبْدَ اللَّهِ وَرَسُولَهُ وَكَلِمَةَ اللَّهِ وَرُوحَهُ فَيَقُولُ لَسْتُ هُنَاكُمْ ائْتُوا مُحَمَّدًا صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ عَبْدًا غَفَرَ اللَّهُ لَهُ مَا تَقَدَّمَ مِنْ ذَنْبِهِ وَمَا تَأَخَّرَ فَيَأْتُونِي فَأَنْطَلِقُ حَتَّى أَسْتَأْذِنَ عَلَى رَبِّي فَيُؤْذَنَ لِي فَإِذَا رَأَيْتُ رَبِّي وَقَعْتُ سَاجِدًا فَيَدَعُنِي مَا شَاءَ اللَّهُ ثُمَّ يُقَالُ ارْفَعْ رَأْسَكَ وَسَلْ تُعْطَهْ وَقُلْ يُسْمَعْ وَاشْفَعْ تُشَفَّعْ فَأَرْفَعُ رَأْسِي فَأَحْمَدُهُ بِتَحْمِيدٍ يُعَلِّمُنِيهِ ثُمَّ أَشْفَعُ فَيَحُدُّ لِي حَدًّا فَأُدْخِلُهُمْ الْجَنَّةَ ثُمَّ أَعُودُ إِلَيْهِ فَإِذَا رَأَيْتُ رَبِّي مِثْلَهُ ثُمَّ أَشْفَعُ فَيَحُدُّ لِي حَدًّا فَأُدْخِلُهُمْ الْجَنَّةَ ثُمَّ أَعُودُ الرَّابِعَةَ فَأَقُولُ مَا بَقِيَ فِي النَّارِ إِلَّا مَنْ حَبَسَهُ الْقُرْآنُ وَوَجَبَ عَلَيْهِ الْخُلُودُ قَالَ أَبُو عَبْد اللَّهِ إِلَّا مَنْ حَبَسَهُ الْقُرْآنُ يَعْنِي قَوْلَ اللَّهِ تَعَالَى خَالِدِينَ فِيهَا

4206 صحيح البخاري كِتَاب تَفْسِيرِ الْقُرْآنِ سُورَةُ الْبَقَرَةِ بَاب قَوْلِ اللَّهِ وَعَلَّمَ آدَمَ الْأَسْمَاءَ كُلَّهَا

Hadith on Prayer: To stand in prayer with reverence and a moderate gap between the feet

Posted: 18 Feb 2013 04:39 PM PST

Abu Ubaida reported: Abdullah ibn Mas'ud saw a man praying with his feet together and he said, "He has differed from the prophetic tradition (sunnah); it would have been better for him to alternate between them when tired."

[Sunan An-Nasa'i, Book of Prayer, Number 892, Sahih]

Ibn Abidin Al-Hanafi said, "It is disliked to stand upon one foot during prayer without an excuse, and he should make the distance between the two feet equal to the four fingers of a hand, for that is better for reverence."

[Radd Al-Muhtar, Kitab As-Salat]

عَنْ أَبِي عُبَيْدَةَ أَنَّ عَبْدَ اللَّهِ رَأَى رَجُلًا يُصَلِّي قَدْ صَفَّ بَيْنَ قَدَمَيْهِ فَقَالَ خَالَفَ السُّنَّةَ وَلَوْ رَاوَحَ بَيْنَهُمَا كَانَ أَفْضَلَ

892 سنن النسائي كِتَاب الِافْتِتَاحِ خالف السنة ولو راوح بينهما كان أفضل

المحدث النسائي خلاصة حكم المحدث جيد

قال ابن عابدين وَيُكْرَهُ الْقِيَامُ عَلَى أَحَدِ الْقَدَمَيْنِ فِي الصَّلَاةِ بِلَا عُذْرٍ وَيَنْبَغِي أَنْ يَكُونَ بَيْنَهُمَا مِقْدَارُ أَرْبَعِ أَصَابِعِ الْيَدِ لِأَنَّهُ أَقْرَبُ إلَى الْخُشُوعِ

رد المحتار على الدر المختار كتاب الصلاة باب صفة الصلاة فرائض الصلاة مطلب قد يطلق الفرض على ما يقابل الركن وعلى ما ليس بركن ولا شرط

Sufyan At-Thawri's letter of religious and political advice to Abbad ibn Abbad Al-Khawwas

Posted: 18 Feb 2013 02:51 PM PST

Sufyan At-Thawri wrote to Abbad ibn Abbad with the following advice, "To proceed: You are living in a time from which the companions of the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, would seek refuge and they knew what we did not and they had precedence which we do not have. How is it for us, then, when we reach this time having little knowledge, little patience, few helpers for good, the people corrupted and the world polluted? So take to the original state of affairs and cling to it. I advise you to remain unknown, since this is the age for being anonymous; and remain aloof and mix little with the people, for before when the people met they would benefit from each other, but that time has passed and your safety – in our view – is in abandoning them. Beware of the Rulers; beware of coming near to them and mixing with them in the affairs. Beware of being deceived, such that it said to you: Intercede to help the oppressed, or repel some oppression – because that is the deception of Satan (iblees) which the wicked reciters have taken as a ladder to attain position."

He continued, "It used to be said: Beware of the trial (fitnah) of the ignorant worshipper and the evil scholar, because the trial of these two is a trial for everyone. If you have questions and need judgment (fatwa), then take advantage of it but do not compete for it. Beware of being someone who loves for his saying to be acted upon, or that his saying is publicized and listened to, and if the people abandon him the sadness will be seen upon him.  Beware of the love of leadership, for leadership may be more beloved to a man than gold and silver, but it is something difficult and obscure; and this will not be understood except by scholars of wisdom. Seek after your lost soul, work with correct intention, and know that there has come a time so difficult a person will desire death. Peace be with you."

[Hilyat Al-Awliya, Sufyan At-Thawri]

كَتَبَ سفيان إِلَى عَبَّادِ بْنِ عَبَّادٍ أَمَّا بَعْدُ فَإِنَّكَ فِي زَمَانٍ كَانَ أَصْحَابُ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ يَتَعَوَّذُونَ أَنْ يُدْرِكُوهُ وَلَهُمْ مِنَ الْعِلْمِ مَا لَيْسَ لَنَا وَلَهُمْ مِنَ الْقَدَمِ مَا لَيْسَ لَنَا فَكَيْفَ بِنَا حِينَ أَدْرَكْنَاهُ عَلَى قِلَّةِ عِلْمٍ وَقِلَّةِ صَبْرٍ وَقِلَّةِ أَعْوَانٍ عَلَى الْخَيْرِ وَفَسَادٍ مِنَ النَّاسِ وَكَدَرٍ مِنَ الدُّنْيَا فَعَلَيْكَ بِالْأَمْرِ الْأَوَّلِ وَالتَّمَسُّكِ بِهِ وَعَلَيْكَ بِالْخُمُولِ فَإِنَّ هَذَا زَمَنُ خُمُولٍ وَعَلَيْكَ بِالْعُزْلَةِ وَقِلَّةِ مُخَالَطَةِ النَّاسِ فَقَدْ كَانَ النَّاسُ إِذَا الْتَقَوْا يَنْتَفِعُ بَعْضُهُمْ بِبَعْضٍ فَأَمَّا الْيَوْمَ فَقَدْ ذَهَبَ ذَاكَ وَالنَّجَاةُ فِي تَرْكِهِمْ فِيمَا نَرَى وَإِيَّاكَ وَالْأُمَرَاءَ أَنْ تَدْنُوَ مِنْهُمْ وَتُخَالِطَهُمْ فِي شَيْءٍ مِنَ الْأَشْيَاءِ وَإِيَّاكَ أَنْ تُخْدَعَ فَيُقَالُ لَكَ تَشْفَعُ وَتَدْرَأُ عَنْ مَظْلُومٍ أَوْ تَرُدُّ مَظْلِمَةً فَإِنَّ ذَلِكَ خَدِيعَةُ إِبْلِيسَ وَإِنَّمَا اتَّخَذَهَا فُجَّارُ الْقُرَّاءِ سُلَّمًا

وَكَانَ يُقَالُ اتَّقُوا فِتْنَةَ الْعَابِدِ الْجَاهِلِ وَالْعَالِمِ الْفَاجِرِ فَإِنَّ فِتْنَتَهُمَا فِتْنَةٌ لِكُلِّ مَفْتُونٍ وَمَا لَقِيتَ مِنَ الْمَسْأَلَةِ وَالْفُتْيَا فَاغْتَنِمْ ذَلِكَ وَلَا تُنَافِسْهُمْ فِيهِ وَإِيَّاكَ أَنْ تَكُونَ كَمَنْ يُحِبُّ أَنْ يَعْمَلَ بِقَوْلِهِ أَوْ يَنْشُرَ قَوْلَهُ أَوْ يَسْمَعَ مِنْ قَوْلِهِ فَإِذَا تُرِكَ ذَاكَ مِنْهُ عُرِفَ فِيهِ وَإِيَّاكَ وَحُبَّ الرِّيَاسَةِ فَإِنَّ الرَّجُلَ تَكُونُ الرِّيَاسَةُ أَحَبَّ إِلَيْهِ مِنَ الذَّهَبِ وَالْفِضَّةِ وَهُوَ بَابٌ غَامِضٌ لَا يُبْصِرُهُ إِلَّا الْبَصِيرُ مِنَ الْعُلَمَاءِ السَّمَاسِرَةِ فَتَفَقَّدْ نَفْسَكَ وَاعْمَلْ بِنِيَّةٍ وَاعْلَمْ أَنَّهُ قَدْ دَنَا مِنَ النَّاسِ أَمْرٌ يَشْتَهِي الرَّجُلُ أَنْ يَمُوتَ وَالسَّلَامُ

376 حلية الأولياء وطبقات الأصفياء ذكر طوائف من جماهير النساك والعباد أبو عبد الله سفيان بن سعيد الثوري

Hadith on Suicide: The Muslims pray over the one who commits suicide, but the leader may abstain as a warning

Posted: 18 Feb 2013 01:49 PM PST

Jabir ibn Samurah reported: A man killed himself and the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, did not pray over him.

Abu Eisa At-Tirmidhi said, "The scholars disagreed over this issue. Some of them said that the Muslims should pray over every person who prayed toward the direction of prayer (qiblah) including the one who killed himself. This is the opinion of Sufyan At-Thawri and Ishaq. Ahmad said that the leader does not pray over the one who killed himself, but he is prayed over by others."

[Sunan At-Tirmidhi, Book of Funerals, Number 1068, Sahih]

عَنْ جَابِرِ بْنِ سَمُرَةَ أَنَّ رَجُلًا قَتَلَ نَفْسَهُ فَلَمْ يُصَلِّ عَلَيْهِ النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ

1068 سنن الترمذي كِتَاب الْجَنَائِزِ عَنْ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ بَاب مَا جَاءَ فِيمَنْ قَتَلَ نَفْسَهُ لَمْ يُصَلَّ عَلَيْهِ

قَالَ أَبُو عِيسَى هَذَا حَدِيثٌ حَسَنٌ صَحِيحٌ وَاخْتَلَفَ أَهْلُ الْعِلْمِ فِي هَذَا فَقَالَ بَعْضُهُمْ يُصَلَّى عَلَى كُلِّ مَنْ صَلَّى إِلَى الْقِبْلَةِ وَعَلَى قَاتِلِ النَّفْسِ وَهُوَ قَوْلُ الثَّوْرِيِّ وَإِسْحَقَ وَقَالَ أَحْمَدُ لَا يُصَلِّي الْإِمَامُ عَلَى قَاتِلِ النَّفْسِ وَيُصَلِّي عَلَيْهِ غَيْرُ الْإِمَامِ

Hadith on Graves: Do not sit on the graves and do not pray toward them

Posted: 18 Feb 2013 01:28 PM PST

Abu Marthad Al-Ghanawi reported: The Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, said, "Do not sit upon the graves and do not pray towards them."

[Sahih Muslim, Book 4, Number 2121, Sahih]

عَنْ أَبِي مَرْثَدٍ الْغَنَوِيِّ قَالَ قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ لَا تَجْلِسُوا عَلَى الْقُبُورِ وَلَا تُصَلُّوا إِلَيْهَا

972 صحيح مسلم كِتَاب الْجَنَائِزِ لأن يجلس أحدكم على جمرة فتحرق ثيابه فتخلص إلى جلده خير له من أن يجلس على قبر

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http://rkark.blogspot.com
http://hockalmunai.blogspot.com

டெங்கு காய்ச்சலை தடுப்பது எப்படி ?

 நாடு முழுவதும் டெங்கு காய்ச்சல் மிக வேகமாக பரவி வருகிறது. டெங்கு காய்ச்சலைக் கட்டுப்படுத்துவது குறித்து மக்களிடையே போதிய 

விழிப்புணர்வுப் பிரச்சாரம் நடத்தப்படவில்லை என்றே சொல்லலாம்.

 

டெங்கு காய்ச்ச

லை உருவாக்கும் ஏடிஸ் கொசு எப்படி பிறக்கிறது? இது கடித்தால் என்னவாகும்? டெங்கு ஏற்படுவதற்கான அறிகுறி என்ன? வராமல் தடுப்பது எப்படி? வந்தால் தடுப்பது எப்படி?

 

வழக்கமாக கொசுக்கள் தேங்கி கிடக்கும் கழிவுநீரில் இருந்து உற்பத்தி ஆகும். ஆனால் ஏடிஸ் கொசு தேங்கி கிடக்கும் நல்ல தண்ணீரில் இருந்து உற்பத்தியாகும் ஒரு பூச்சி வகையை சேர்ந்தது. தேங்காய் சிரட்டைகள், தெருவில் வீசப்பட்ட பிளாஸ்டிக் கப்கள், பழைய பாத்திரங்கள், ஆட்டு உரல்கள் போன்றவற்றில் தேங்கி இருக்கும் மழை நீர் மூலம் இந்த கொசுக்கள் உற்பத்தி ஆகிறது. இவை பெரும்பாலும் வீட்டிற்குள்ளும் வீட்டை சுற்றியும் அதிகமாக வலம் வரும்.

 

இந்த வகை கொசுக்கள் நோய் எதிர்ப்பு சக்தி குறைந்த நபர்களையோ, குழந்தைகளையோ கடித்தால் உடனடியாக அவர்களை டெங்கு காய்ச்சல் தாக்கும் அபாயம் உள்ளது. பெரும்பாலும் இந்த கொசுக்கள் குழந்தைகளை கடிக்கும்போது எளிதில் நோய் தாக்குதலுக்கு ஆளாவர். ஒருவரை ஏடிஸ் கொசு கடித்தால் முதலில் காய்ச்சல் வரும். உடல் வலியுடன் எலும்புகளிலும் வலி ஏற்படும். இப்படி ஏதாவது உடல் வலிகள் தொடங்கும்பட்சத்தில் அது டெங்கு காய்ச்சலுக்கான அறிகுறி என்று அர்த்தம். உடனடியாக அரசு ஆஸ்பத்திரிக்கு சென்று உரிய சிகிச்சை மேற்கொண்டு டெங்கு காய்ச்சலில் இருந்து விடுபடலாம்.

 

இந்த நோய் எளிதில் குணப்படுத்த கூடிய நோய். அதே நேரத்தில் போதிய சிகிச்சை எடுத்துக் கொள்ளாமல் காய்ச்சல் தொடர்ந்து நீடித்தால் உயிரிழக்கும் அபாயமும் உள்ளது என்பதை மக்கள் புரிந்துகொள்ள வேண்டும். இந்த நோய் முற்றிய நிலையில் இதே கிருமிகள் ரத்தத்தில் உள்ள பிளட்லெட்களை சாப்பிடும். இதனால் மனித உடலில் உள்ள ரத்தம் உரையும். வாய், மூக்கு என உடலின் பல்வேறு பகுதிகளில் ரத்த கசிவு ஏற்படும். இதனால் விலைமதிக்க முடியாத உயிர் இழப்பும் ஏற்படும். அதனால் இந்த நோய்க்கான அறிகுறி தென்பட்டவுடன் உரிய சிகிச்சை மேற்கொண்டு உடல்நலத்தை காத்துக் கொள்ளலாம்.

 

 

சுற்றுப்புறத்தை மழைநீர் தேங்காமல் சுத்தமாக வைத்துக் கொள்ளுதல் மூலமாகவும், வீட்டிற்குள் கொசுவராமல் தடுப்பாக ஜன்னலில் கொசுவலைகளை பயன்படுத்துவது, கொசு ஒழிப்பான்கள் பயன்படுத்துவதன் மூலமும் டெங்கு காய்ச்சலை ஏற்படுத்தும் ஏடிஸ் கொசுவை விரட்டி நோய் வராமல் தடுக்கலாம். அரசு இயந்திரங்களை நம்பாமல், பொதுமக்கள் சுகாதாரமாக, விழிப்புணர்வோடு இருந்தால் டெங்கு கொசுவை ஒழித்து காய்ச்சல் வராமல் தற்காத்து கொள்ளலாம்.

thanks rythm

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rk@+94718080883
http://rkark.blogspot.com
http://hockalmunai.blogspot.com

below and under / "Above" and "over"..Use of prepositions

"Above" and "over" Monday, August 24, 2009 A reader asked what the difference between above and over is. Editor Emily Brewster explains: Both above and over function as adverbs, prepositions, and adjectives, but since there is no overlap in meaning with the adjectives, I'll only address the adverbs and prepositions here. In its most common senses, the adverb over implies movement from one location or position to another: They climbed over the fence. He leaned over to see what I had written. I knocked over a glass of water. The baby is learning to roll over. She moved over to make room for them. Would you come over here for minute? I know you have the key. Hand it over, please. == The senses of the adverb above that function similarly imply only location, not movement: We lay on our backs and looked at the clouds above. Some children are fascinated by the moon and the stars above. The maze looks like person's face when viewed from above. You can write to us at the address shown above. == As prepositions, both over and above can mean "at or to a place that is higher than someone or something," but over is somewhat more common: A light hangs over/above the table. He raised his arms over/above his head. She rents an apartment over/above a bookstore. == Both can also mean "more than something": The movie is suitable for children over/above 13 years old. We've been having temperatures over/above 90 degrees Fahrenheit. I value time over/above money. == Again, over is the more common choice. And there are a number of contexts in which above is not used at all, despite having a meaning that technically fits: I've been waiting for over an hour. NOT: I've been waiting for above an hour. Over 50 people attended. NOT: Above 50 people attended. == Both prepositions can also mean "more loudly and clearly than (another sound)," although again, over is more common: I could barely hear the music over/above the noise of the crowd. == Each preposition also has many additional senses that are not shared by the other. See each word's entry for examples of those.   Difference between below and under The prepositions below and under have similar meanings. Both can mean 'lower than'. Cases where below is preferred Below can mean 'at or to a lower level'. The people in the apartment below seldom go out. Put your signature below. I feel sick, I must go below. (= I must go downstairs to my cabin.) Below: not directly under We use below when one thing is not directly under another. The sun sank below the horizon. The climbers stopped 200m below the top of the mountain. Below is used in measurements where we think of a vertical scale. The temperature is ten degrees below zero. The Dead Sea is below sea level. She is below average in intelligence. Cases where under is preferred We prefer under when something is covered by what is over it. Under is also used when things are touching. There is something under the bed. He wore a shirt under his sweater. Under can mean 'less than' or 'younger than'. Below is not used with this meaning. There were under twenty people at the meeting. (= There were less than twenty people.) You can't vote if you are under 18. (NOT You can't vote if you are below 18.)

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rk@+94718080883
http://rkark.blogspot.com
http://hockalmunai.blogspot.com